Table 1: Recruitment Practices For White Collar Staff in India and Britain

Independent

Variables

Current Employees Advert Internally Advet Externally Word of Mouth Rect. Agencies Consultant Apprentices

Pooled India Britain Pooled India Britain Pooled India Britain Pooled India Britain Pooled India Britain Pooled India Britain Pooled India Britain

Age

.023 -.350 .327 -.086 .093 -.597 .336 1.13 -.214 -.104 -.712 .517 -.020 -.262 .086 .204 .370 -.502 -1.11 -1.73 .919

(.94) (.46) (.56) (.81) (.83) (.32) (.33) (.05)** (.70) (.79) (.20) (.42) (.94) (.56) (.86) (.95) (.40) (.35) (.17) (.09)* (.74)

Country

.429 .687 .537 .112 .852 .944 1.69

(.18) (.04)** (.15) (.77) (.00)*** (.00)*** (.05)**

Cost Reduction HR Strategy

-.429 .459 -.046 .934 .711 2.10 -.619 -.385 -1.25 -.436 .789 .414 .243 .416 -.148 .090 -.099 .568 -8.61 -9.05 -8.52

(.28) (.10)* (.95) (.01)*** (.10)* (.01)*** (.15) (.49) (.10)* (.36) (.10)* (.63) (.50) (.36) (.83) (.80) (.81) (.43) (.79) (.81) (.95)

Effective Resource Allocation Strategy

-.195 -.823 .315 .110 .061 .710 -.574 1.15 -.043 -.497 -.864 -.264 .034 -.188 .285 -.072 .148 -.011 -1.10 -1.08 -1.14

(.58) (.10)* (.59) (.75) (.89) (.28) (.18) (.10)* (.94) (.23) (.10)* (.69) (.91) (.69) (.61) (.83) (.74) (.98) (.16) (.26) (.59)

Talent Improveme. HR Strategy

-.040 -.238 .271 .862 1.02 .868 -.738 -.368 -1.56 .221 -.060 .863 .124 .539 -.480 .015 .225 -.248 1.47 1.35 9.16

(.90) (.57) (.63) (.01)*** (.02)** (.10)* (.05)** (.49) (.01)*** (.57) (.90) (.21) (.68) (.10)* (.34) (.96) (.56) (.64) (.18) (.25) (.93)

Talent Acquisition HR Strategy

-.172 .386 -1.21 .783 1.07 .542 .544 1.11 .055 .085 -.022 .079 .399 .782) -.166 .403 .741 .070 .518 .886 -.593

(.59) (.37) (.04)** (.02)** (.01)*** (.38) (.16) (.05)** (.92) (.82) (.96) (.90) (.20) (.05)** (.75) (.20) (.06)* (.90) (.50) (.36) (.83)

Life Cycle Stage

.930 .537 1.88 .600 .915 .323 .296 .271 .147 -.054 .249 -.386 .129 .289 .041 .247 .187 .419 -.168 .623 -9.99

(.00)*** (.24) (.00)*** (.07)* (.04)** (.57) (.43) (.62) (.79) (.89) (.65) (.55) (.68) (.51) (.93) (.44) (.66) (.05)** (.82) (.49) (.93)

Log of Employees

-.039 .016 -.074 .010 .048 -.090 .162 .517 .191 -029 -.002 -.075 .086 .129 .150 .028 .043 -.019 -.020 .022 .262

(.72) (.91) (.73) (.92) (.74) (.65) (.23) (.81) (.35) (.83) (.99) (.75) (.44) (.41) (.41) (.79) (.76) (.91) (.93) (.94) (.81)

Ownership (Private)

.310 .944 -.535 .005 .317 -.550 .594 .120 1.12 -.512 .301 .806 .120 -.570 -.309 .360 .487 .119 1.20 -1.87 -.414

(.31) (.02)** (.31) (.98) (.43) (.32) (.09)* (.81) (.03)** (.16) (.05)** (.19) (.68) (.05)** (.52) (.22) (.21) (.81) (.15) (.05)** (.82)

Unionised Firm

-.059 -.506 .032 -.075 .108 -.659 -.315 .230 -.849 -.068 -.197 -.207 .215 -.045 .366 .586 .523 .815 -.717 -.624 -1.91

(.89) (.28) (.96) (.83) (.80) (.30) (.00)*** (.80) (.23) (.87) (.73) (.77) (.52) (.91) (.54) (.09)* (.23) (.21) (.38) (.52) (.32)

Constant

.316 1.12 .218 -2.33 -2.59 -1.23 .325 .447 1.10 -.670 -.038 -1.07 -1.51 -1.25 -1.36 -1.70 -1.43 -1.18 -3.86 -3.29 -11.40

(.73) (.42) (.88) (.02)** (.06)* (.41) (.76) (.80) (.47) (.55) (.98) (.54) (.10)* (.37) (31) (.06)* (.28) (.39) (.12) (.30) (.92)

- 2 Log Likelihood:

Goodness of Fit:

Chi-Square:

257.34 142.61 96.15 252.12 153.43 90.72 206.87 101.24 93.82 195.54 .113.03 77.68 273.80 154.62 111.34 271.15 160.99 104.39 64.67 46.60 13.80

16.83 11.04 20.72 26.84 16.87 8.53 20.22 14.29 12.44 5.20 5.49 4.53 13.59 7.98 85.86 16.71 7.16 4.71 21.40 17.79 5.87

(.07)* (.27) (.01)***(.00)***(.05)** (.48) (.02)** (.10)* (.18) (.87) (.78) (.87) (.19) (.53) (.96) .08)* (.62) (.85) (.01)*** (.03)** (.75)

*, ** and *** indicate statistical significance at the 90, 95 and 99% confidence intervals respectively.

 

 

 

 

Table 2: Recruitment Practices For Blue Collar Staff in India and Britain

Independent

Variables

Current Employees Advert Internally Advet Externally Word of Mouth Rect. Agencies Consultant Apprentices

Pooled India Britain Pooled India Britain Pooled India Britain Pooled India Britain Pooled India Britain Pooled India Britain Pooled India Britain

Age

-.017 -.325 .447 .205 .017 .274 -.387 .125 -2.11 -.370 .673 -.056 -.096 .309 -.305 -.052 -1.35 1.14 -.144 -.409 -.263

(.95) (.46) (.45) (.58) (.97) (.68) (.30) (.78) (.05)* (.24) (.10)* (.91) (.81) (.55) (.72) (.93) (.10)* (.28) (.66) (.40) (.62)

Country

.793 1.96 1.89 .367 .537 .281 -.044

(.01)*** (.58) (.00)*** (.24) (.20) (.64) (.89)

Cost Reduction HR Strategy

.045 -.431 .987 1.96 .670 -.259 -678 -.607 -2.47 -.421 -.501 -.347 -.804 -.594 -1.59 -1.43 -8.64 .452 -.474 -.628 -.049

(.90) (.32) (.10)* (.15) (.05)** (.80) (.09)* (.05)** (.14) (.24) (.24) (.64) (.10)* (.27) (.27) (.19) (.82) (.74) (.23) (.20) (.94)

Effective Resource Allocation Strategy

-.104 -.086 .048 -.070 -.112 -.084 -.719 -.758 -.752 -.529 -.223 -1.10 .114 .416 -.279 .897 -.342 8.85 -.237 -.959 .902

(.76) (.85) (.93) (.86) (.82) (.91) (.06)* (.05)** (.38) (.10)* (.62) (.05)** (.80) (.46) (.76) (.28) (.75) (.86) (.50) (.04)** (.10)*

Talent Improveme. HR Strategy

.117 .028 .660 .810 1.34 -.411 .538 .673 -.444 -.222 .301 -.945 -.489 -.384 -.922 .527 .368 .593 -.287 -.218 -.449

(.70) (.94) (.29) (.02)** (.00)*** (.54) (.12) (.09)* (.59) (.46) (.44) (.07)* (.20) (.40) (.24) (.45) (.69) (.65) (.37) (.61) (.40)

Talent Acquisition HR Strategy

.377 .665 -.015 1.12 1.34 .950 .050 .160 -.323 -.527 -.645 -.357 .391 .367 .087 .218 .444 -.352 -.023 -.070 .078

(.23) (.09)* (.97) (.00)*** (.00)*** (.10)* (.88) (.69) (.70) (.09)* (.10)* (.52) (.31) (.43) (.91) (.73) (.63) (.79) (.94) (.87) (.88)

Life Cycle Stage

.060 .487 -.858 -.038 -.201 .626 -.291 -.560 .090 -.06 -.074 .229 .126 .031 .230 -.505 -.871 -.099 .395 .944 -.219

(.85) (.26) (.10)* (.91) (.67) (.35) (.42) (.20) (.90) (.82) (.86) (.66) (.76) (.95) (.76) (.43) (.36) (.92) (.24) (.05)** (.67)

Log of Employees

.075 -.009 .176 .100 .122 .202 .150 .053 .433 -.04 -.076 .073 231 .151 .480 -.109 .073 -.283 -.143 -.110 -.180

(.51) (.94) (.41) (.44) (.46) (.46) (.24) (.71) (.10)* (.67) (.60) (.71) (.08)* (.34) (.10)* (.59) (.76) (.37) (.24) (.51) (.34)

Ownership (Private)

-.686 -.633 -.806 -.244 .144 -1.16 -.148 -.280 -.043 -.202 .285 -1.02 .110 -.211 .419 .971 .566 1.86 -.285 -.170 -.319

(.02)** (.10)* (.10)* (.47) (.73) (.10)* (.65) (.47) (.95) (.48) (.05)** (.04)** (.77) (.10)* (.60) (.12) (.52) (.10)* (.35) (.05)** (.51)

Unionised Firm

.098 -.258 1.18 .483 .216 .795 -1.51 -.855 -.412 -.399 .423 -.686 -.412 .371 -2.01 1.15 .591 .879 .554 .452 .689

(.77) (.56) (.10)* (.10)* (.64) (.37) (.02)** (.06)* (.63) (.23) (.05)** (.25) (.34) (.48) (.01)*** (.16) (.63) (.53) (.12) (.34) (.27)

Constant

-1.31 .232 -3.28 -3.50 -1.87 -3.45 -1.51 .822 -2.51 1.28 1.32 1.69 -2.94 -2.66 -2.93 -4.24 -2.79 -12.25 .363 .450 -.059

(.16) (.86) (.06)* (.00)*** (.21) (.08)* (.14) (.54) (.16) (.15) (.31) (.24) (.01)***(.09)* (.14) (.03)** (.33) (.81) (.70) (.76) (.96)

- 2 Log Likelihood:

Goodness of Fit:

Chi-Square:

262.55 158.54 89.39 219.72 141.60 67.61 227.90 157.54 59.29 277.48 162.10 102.65 187.47 126.04 53.21 90.54 44.93 31.74 254.15 141.07 104.28

15.54 11.31 11.78 54.49 28.70 8.43 42.88 12.95 13.42 8.09 7.74 12.52 13.28 5.91 12.27 12.04 14.25 11.62 8.74 11.01 6.08

(.11) (.25) (.22) (.00)***(.00)*** (.49) (.00)*** (.16) (.14) (.62) (.56) (.18) (.20) (.74) (.19) (.28) (.11) (.23) (.55) (.27) (.73)

*, ** and *** indicate statistical significance at the 90, 95 and 99% confidence intervals respectively.

 

 

 

 

Table 3: Compensation Practices in India and Britain

Independent

Variables

Total Work Experience Performance Related Skills or Competencies Mixed Approach

Pooled India Britain Pooled India Britain Pooled India Britain Pooled India Britain

Constant

-4.496 -2.222 -87.216 -1.368 -1.050 -1.961 -1.694 -2.753 -2.036 0.746 0.582 1.459

(0.02)** (0.31) (0.97) (0.27) (0.55) (0.33) (0.25) (0.28) (0.30) (0.44) (0.67) (0.34)

Log of Employees

-0.115 -0.209 6.768 0.001 -0.181 0.103 -0.040 0.114 -0.092 (0.031 0.199 -0.120

(0.03)** (0.10)* (0.96) (0.99) (0.38) (0.65) (0.81) (0.70) (0.67) (0.77) (0.20) (0.50)

Life Cycle Stage

0.103 0.140 -0.828 0.167 0.430 -0.003 0.183 0.125 0.300 -0.248 -0.478 -0.188

(0.56) (0.67) (0.10)* (0.38) (0.10)* (0.98) (0.37) (0.79) (0.10)* (0.11) (0.06)* (0.37)

Unionised Firm

0.852 1.389 -27.613 -0.377 -0.249 -0.571 0.412 0.239 0.556 -0.107 -0.298 0.193

(0.73) (0.10)* (0.98) (0.36) (0.65) (0.40) (0.44) (0.78) (0.51) (0.74) (0.50) (0.10)*

Ownership (Private)

-1.376 -1.121 -22.716 -0.406 0.562 0.072 0.564 2.182 0.438 0.187 -0.223 0.558

(0.08)* (0.10)* (0.98) (0.29) (0.10)* (0.90) (0.05)** (0.00)*** (0.10)* (0.53) (0.58) (0. 01)***

Cost Reduction HR Strategy

0.920 0.6155 30.015 -0.284 -0.834 0.563 -0.405 -1.046 0.046 0.040 0.243 -0.004

(0.16) (0.39) (0.98) (0.53) (0.17) (0.49) (0.49) (0.27) (0.95) (0.90) (0.58) (0.99)

Effective Resource Allocation Strategy

0.456 0.183 35.986 0.330 0.353 0.635 -0.554 1.421 -0.161 -0.226 -0.288 -0.342

(0.53) (0.80) (0.98) (0.46) (0.54) (0.38) (0.28) (0.10)* (0.82) (0.51) (0.54) (0.54)

Talent Improvement HR Strategy

0.844 0.574 21.409 -0.746 -0.779 0.775 0.156 -0.307 0.455 0.299 0.367 0.397

(0.22) (0.43) (0.98) (0.04)** (0.12) (0.10)* (0.74) (0.68) (0.52) (0.33) (0.35) (0.44)

Talent Acquisition HR Strategy

-0.281 0.626 -21.717 0.343 0.167 0.786 1.557 2.134 1.335 0.328 0.575 -0.112

(0.67) (0.39) (0.95) (0.37) (0.74) (0.10)* (0.1)*** (0.02)** (0.10)* (0.29) (0.10)* (0.83)

Age

-0.562 0.275 -35.986 0.135 0.503 -0.431 0.289 0.225 0.503 0.230 -0.653 0.125

(0.38) (069) (0.98) (0.73) (0.38) (051) (0.53) (0.78) (0.44) (0.46) (0.15) (0.80)

Country

1.720 -0.181 -0.601 0.000

(0.03)** (0.65) (0.19) (1.00)

- 2 Log Likelihood:

Goodness of Fit:

Chi-Square:

86.38 69.103 2.77 193.50 111.43 76.69 146.69 59.39 77.21 276.25 157.19 111.45

142.07 99.03 2.00 211.65 121.51 90.43 200.84 82.46 85.38 207.57 121.70 85.24

16.07 9.54 16.13 7.25 7.09 5.52 17.65 14.70 7.85 6.51 9.71 4.38

(0.09)* (0.38) (0.06)* (0.70) (0.62) (0.78) (0.06)* (0.09)* (0.54) (0.77) (0.37) (0.88)

*, ** and *** indicate statistical significance at the 90, 95 and 99% confidence intervals respectively.

 

 

 

Table 4a: Means of Training and Development in India and Britain

Independent

Variables

Formal Career Plans Performance Appraisal Annual Career Interview Assessment Centres

Pooled India Britain Pooled India Britain Pooled India Britain Pooled India Britain

Constant

-1.0127 -0.785 -2.847 -1.0674 -2.081 -3.668 -3.315 -4.590 -4.004 -3.555 -7.998 -1.206

(0.28) (0.64) (0.11) (0.33) (0.35) (0.37) (0.00)*** (0.00)*** (0.02)** (0.01)*** (0.00)*** (0.56)

Log of Employees

0.127 -0.148 0.517 0.773 -0.698 1.068 0.321 0.447 0.347 0.110 -0.095 0.400

(0.27) (045) (0.02)** (0.0)*** (0.02)** (0.10)* (0.00)*** (0.00)*** (0.10)* (0.47) (0.72) (0.10)*

Life Cycle Stage

-0.113 -0.161 0.073 -0.232 -0.331 -0.124 0.069 -0.042 0.117 -0.224 0.410 -0.724

(0.50) (0.55) (0.75) (0.27) (0.28) (0.67) (0.67) (0.88) (0.59) (0.32) (0.27) (0.05)**

Unionised Firm

0.301 1.215 -0.642 -0.433 -0520 -0.066 -0.142 -0.815 1.040 0.931 2.381 -0.142

(0.42) (0.02)** (0.32) (0.35) (0.39) (0.93) (0.70) (0.10)* (0.10)* (0.10)* (0.00)*** (0.86)

Ownership (Private)

-0.295 0.160 -0.592 -0.487 -0.412 -0.711 -0.263 -0.300 -0.494 0.728 1.635 0.399

(0.38) (0.73) (0.27) (0.24) (0.06)* (0.36) (0.44) (0.06)* (0.35) (0.10)* (0.02)** (0.55)

Cost Reduction HR Strategy

-0.389 -0.711 -0.560 -0.677 -0.925 -0.244 0.155 0.775 -1.248 0.715 1.424 -1.080

(0.34) (0.10)* (0.49) (0.15) (0.10)* (0.81) (0.69) (0.10)* (0.10)* (0.17) (0.05)** (0.39)

Effective Resource Allocation Strategy

0.208 0.959 -0.503 0.006 -0.111 0.516 0.615 0.412 0.509 0.624 1.578 -0.289

(0.59) (0.10)* (0.41) (0.98) (0.86) (0.10)* (0.12) (0.47) (0.10)* (0.24) (0.08)* (0.72)

Talent Improvement HR Strategy

-0.346 -0.638 -0.141 0.089 0.292 -0.265 -0.032 0.015 -0.285 0.224 0.280 -0.411

(0.30) (0.16) (0.81) (0.83) (0.60) (0.72) (0.92) (0.97) (0.60) (0.62) (0.68) (0.58)

Talent Acquisition HR Strategy

-0.459 -0.601 -0.567 0.747 1.305 0.119 0.412 0.321 0.637 0.326 1.206 -0.583

(0.19) (0.21) (0.37) (0.11) (0.03)** (0.88) (0.23) (0.50) (0.26) (0.47) (0.09)* (0.45)

Age

-0.020 0.617 0.114 0.148 0.409 -0.510 0.616 0.533 0.658 -0.481 0.690 -1.2953

(095) (0.10)* (0.10)* (0.97) (0.48) (0.50) (0.08)* (0.33) (0.23) (0.29) (0.34) (0.10)*

Country

-0.157 -0.840 -1.106 -0.434

(0.64) (0.07)* (0.00)*** (0.33)

- 2 Log Likelihood:

Goodness of Fit:

Chi-Square:

238.91 128.71 93.78 160.21 94.90 57.85 232.92 120.86 101.13 148.70 63.80 65.24

204.56 114.87 81.39 177.01 104.60 67.54 203.58 121.29 83.09 189.69 80.17 72.28

7.83 13.08 10.89 27.55 22.79 11.34 19.09 12.40 12.40 11.32 18.75 10.81

(0.64) (0.15) (0.28) (0.00)*** (0.00)*** (0.25) (0.03)** (0.19) (0.19) (0.33) (0.02)** (0.28)

*, ** and *** indicate statistical significance at the 90, 95 and 99% confidence intervals respectively.

 

 

 

Table 4b: Means of Training and Development in India and Britain

Independent

Variables

Succession Plans Planned Job Rotation "High Flier" Schemes International/Regional Exp.

Pooled India Britain Pooled India Britain Pooled India Britain Pooled India Britain

Constant

-3.300 -4.180 -6.181 -1.996 -0.942 -2.338 -3.456 -4.330 -3.939 -4.637 -5.199 -5.732

(0.00)*** (0.00)*** (0.00)*** (0.07)* (0.48) (0.27) (0.00)*** (0.00)*** (0.05)* (0.00)*** (0.01)*** (0.01)***

Log of Employees

0.286 0.117 0.824 0.142 0.156 0.278 0.352 0.412 0.604 .0344 0.321 0.503

(0.01)*** (0.48) (0.00)*** (0.24) (0.10)* (0.31) (0.00)*** (0.01)*** (0.02)** (0.02)** (0.10)* (0.08)*

Life Cycle Stage

0.091 0.116 0.229 -0.159 -0.264 -0.153 -0.187 -0.496 0.061 -0.280 -0.307 -0.204

(0.05)** (0.66) (0.01)*** (0.37) (0.05)** (0.58) (0.33) (0.10)* (0.82) (0.24) (0.44) (0.51)

Unionised Firm

-0.358 -0.076 0.653 -0.172 0.178 1.189 0.421 0.878 -0.179 -0.591 -0.526 -0.593

(0.34) (0.10)* (0.10) (0.63) (0.69) (0.07)* (0.33) (0.12) (0.84) (0.19) (0.37) (0.46)

Ownership (Private)

-0.344 0.003 -0.592 0.268 -0.271 0.864 -0.325 -0.005 -0.953 -0.070 -0.022 -0.045

(0.31) (0.99) (0.27) (0.42) (0.10)* (0.10)* (0.25) (0.99) (0.10)* (0.87) (0.96) (0.95)

Cost Reduction HR Strategy

0.745 0.870 -0.232 -0.250 0.056 1.467 0.502 0.990 -1.251 0.291 0.454 -0.334

(0.06)* (0.07)* (0.76) (0.52) (0.89) (0.10)* (0.39) (0.06)* (0.24) (0.55) (0.44) (0.75)

Effective Resource Allocation Strategy

1.001 1.341 0.644 0.550 0.471 0.338 -0.728 -0.177 -2.220 1.021 1.441 0.268

(0.01)*** (0.03)** (0.30) (0.10)* (0.33) (0.62) (0.06)* (0.74) (0.00)*** (0.06)* (0.08)* (0.74)

Talent Improvement HR Strategy

0.409 0.396 0.265 -0.220 -0.081 -0.569 0.782 0.655 0.869 0.526 0.382 0.828

(0.23) (0.38) (0.64) (0.50) (0.83) (0.37) (0.05)* (0.10)* (0.25) (0.23) (0.49) (0.10)*

Talent Acquisition HR Strategy

0.232 0.461 0.158 0.072 -0.203 0.438 -0.141 0.176 1.359 0.788 0.640 0.883

(0.36) (0.32) (0.79) (0.83) (0.62) (0.50) (0.72) (0.72) (0.10)* (0.06)* (0.26) (0.10)*

Age

-0.009 0.307 0.040 -0.302 -0.515 0.120 0.428 0.382 1.522 0.898 0.714 1.374

(0.97) (0.54) (0.94) (0.38) (0.24) (0.85) (0.28) (0.47) (0.04)** (0.05)** (0.27) (0.07)*

Country

-1.133 0.884 -0.248 -0.624

(0.00)*** (0.01)*** (0.51) (0.10)*

- 2 Log Likelihood:

Goodness of Fit:

Chi-Square:

229.64 124.98 95.53 237.71 154.70 73.38 198.95 113.62 72.92 156.98 92.20 62.44

204.51 122.11 77.93 205.59 120.86 78.07 206.81 118.85 82.03 184.57 109.13 75.77

24.03 8.28 18.87 15.96 6.01 11.68 22.30 14.84 19.83 20.93 9.57 13.61

(0.00)*** (0.50) (0.02)** (0.10)* (0.73) (0.23) (0.01)*** (0.09)* (0.01)*** (0.02)** (0.38) (0.10)*

*, ** and *** indicate statistical significance at the 90, 95 and 99% confidence intervals respectively.

 

 

 

Table 5: Means of Employee Communication in India and Britain

Independent

Variables

Through Superior Through Unions/C. Through Meetings Through Q Circles Through S. Boxes Through Survey No Formal Methods

Pooled India Britain Pooled India Britain Pooled India Britain Pooled India Britain Pooled India Britain Pooled India Britain Pooled India Britain

Constant

-0.378 -0.959 4.473 -4.564 -5.787 -7.403 -1.712 -2.038 -1.887 0.957 -0.495 -0.004 -0.920 -2.063 2.146 -5.494 -8.472 -4.976 -0.510 1.646 -7.341

(0.07)* (0.63) (0.93) (0.00)*** (0.00)***(0.00)* (0.10)* (0.01) (0.24) (0.39) (0.72) (0.99) (0.36) (0.16) (0.21) (0.00)*** (0.00)*** (0.02)** (0.72) (0.29) 0.88)

Log of Employees

0.254 0.212 0.283 0.517 0.742 0.381 0.287 0.214 0.392 -0.066 -0.055 -0.086 0.172 0.411 -0.175 0.176 0.292 0.125 -0.107 -0.054 -0.348

(0.22) (0.37) (0.47) (0.00)*** (0.00)*** (0.40) (0.01)*** (0.10)* (0.04)** (0.58) (0.71) (0.69) (0.10)* (0.02)** (0.37) (0.17) (0.10)* (0.54) (0.52) (0.76) (0.41)

Life Cycle Stage

-0.223 -0.458 0.299 -0.248 -0.588 0.265 0.029 0.014 -0.046 -0.208 -0.129 -0.376 -0.248 -0.374 -0.323 0.265 0.093 0.511 -0.095 -0.231 -0.97

(0.40) (0.05)** (0.64) (0.27) (0.05)** (0.62) (1.00) (0.95) (0.10)* (0.25) (0.10)* (0.10)* (0.13) (0.10)* (0.10)* (0.15) (0.75) (0.05)** (0.69) (0.44) (0.84)

Unionised Firm

0.282 0.871 -8.646 4.491 3.463 6.656 0.120 0.136 -0.204 0.523 0.783 -0.497 0.449 0.725 -0.424 1.160 3.028 -0.218 -0.5564 -0.456 -2.129

(0.64) (0.10)* (0.87) (0.00)*** (0.00)***(0.00)*** (0.73) (0.10)* (0.72) (0.17) (0.09)* (0.46) (0.21) (0.10)* (0.48) (0.02)** (0.00)*** (0.77) (0.10)* (0.37) (0.09)*

Ownership (Private)

0.725 0.495 1.908 -0.629 -0.671 -1.625 -0.364 -0.212 -0.823 -0.409 -0.504 -0.296 -0.565 -0.794 -0.398 -0.717 0.472 -2.033 0.037 0.187 0.626

(0.19) (0.44) (0.10)* (0.10)* (0.10)* (0.35) (0.24) (0.62) (0.10)* (0.23) (0.25) (0.62) (0.07)* (0.07)* (0.44) (0.08)* (0.43) (0.00)*** (0.92) (0.10)* (0.64)

Cost Reduction HR Strategy

1.051 1.122 2.570 -0.131 -0.140 0.371 -0.679 -0.913 -0.544 -0.352 -0.275 -0.241 -0.435 -0.547 0.416 -0.517 -0.027 -1.019 -0.321 -0.308 0.785

(0.10)* (0.10)* (0.24) (0.81) (0.82) (0.78) (0.07)* (0.05)** (0.47) (0.39) (0.55) (0.80) (0.25) (0.25) (0.56) (0.32) (0.96) (0.29) (0.49) (0.54) (0.58)

Effective Resource Allocation Strategy

0.572 0.547 1.530 0.542 0.331 1.022 0.118 0.081 0.134 0.370 0.093 1.191 -0.014 0.119 0.121 1.459 1.322 1.950 -0.222 -0.625 8.601

(0.34) (0.46) (0.39) (0.26) (0.58) (0.39) (0.73) (0.86) (0.81) (0.35) (0.84) (0.10)* (0.96) (0.81) (0.84) (0.00)*** (0.09)* (0.03)** (0.63) (0.10)* (0.86)

Talent Improveme. HR Strategy

1.048 0.744 3.017 0.650 0.367 1.834 0.712 1.079 0.169 0.578 0.588 0.409 -0.048 0.267 -0.412 0.757 0.783 0.837 -1.058 -1.047 -1.586

(0.05)**(0.10)* (0.05)** (0.10)* (0.52) (0.10)* (0.02)** (0.01)***(0.75) (0.10)* (0.10)* (0.56) (0.88) (0.53) (0.46) (0.08)* (0.21) (0.25) (0.00)*** (0.01)*** (0.10)*

Talent Acquisition HR Strategy

0.472 0.549 1.210 -0.254 -0.182 -0.284 -0.701 -0.654 -1.089 -0.287 -0.024 -1.236 -0.684 -0.686 -0.864 0.895 1.134 0.329 -0.280 -0.225 -1.190

(0.40) (0.38) (0.56) (0.59) (0.74) (0.79) (0.03)** (0.10)* (0.06)* (0.41) (0.95) (0.10)* (0.04)** (0.10)* (0.10)* (0.03)** (0.07)* (0.64) (0.50) (0.62) (0.41)

Age

1.049 1.191 0.575 -0.426 0.605 -0.404 0.442 0.047 1.202 -0.324 -0.356 -0.262 -0.091 -0.128 -0.187 0.301 -0.206 1.399 -0.122 -0.372 1.038

(0.07)* (0.08)* (0.70) (0.35) (0.10)* (0.71) (0.10)* (0.91) (0.03)** (0.36) (0.43) (0.69) (0.78) (0.78) (0.73) (0.46) (0.73) (0.04)** (0.78) (0.46) (0.43)

Country

-1.590 -2.025 -0.790 0.780 0.466 -0.730 1.724

(0.01)*** (0.00)*** (0.01)*** (0.03)** (0.15) (0.06)* (0.00)***

- 2 Log Likelihood:

Goodness of Fit:

Chi-Square:

115.83 58.92 22.56 135.08 93.89 30.85 256.88 146.94 102.69 228.51 144.31 77.03 255.67 142.53 99.89 176.75 81.60 73.50 168.18 132.01 25.93

190.94 113.18 43.78 258.81 125.30 81.50 206.77 124.92 84.74 204.69 120.30 90.05 208.69 122.95 83.94 206.61 86.66 103.94 203.95 123.20 151.91

15.84 9.16 9.69 150.93 73.67 66.35 31.29 19.97 12.48 15.77 9.35 10.73 18.49 23.65 6.37 35.23 27.60 25.74 26.57 8.98 12.09

(0.10)* (0.42) (0.37) (0.00)***(0.00)***(0.00)***(0.00)*** (0.01)***(0.18) (0.10)* (0.40) (0.29) (0.04)** (0.00)*** (0.70) (0.00)***(0.00)***(0.00)*** (0.00)*** (0.43) (0.20)

*, ** and *** indicate statistical significance at the 90, 95 and 99% confidence intervals respectively.